Type of single phase induction motor

Permanent-split capacitor motor
One way to solve the single phase problem is to build a 2-phase motor, deriving 2-phase power from single phase. This requires a motor with two windings spaced apart 90o electrical, fed with two phases of current displaced 90o in time. This is called a permanent-split capacitor motor in Figure below.

Fig. Permanent-split capacitor induction motor.

This type of motor suffers increased current magnitude and backward time shift as the motor comes up to speed, with torque pulsations at full speed. The solution is to keep the capacitor (impedance) small to minimize losses. The losses are less than for a shaded pole motor. This motor configuration works well up to 1/4 horsepower (200watt), though, usually applied to smaller motors. The direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series with the other winding. This type of motor can be adapted for use as a servo motor, described elsewhere is this chapter.

Capacitor-start induction motor
In Figure below a larger capacitor may be used to start a single phase induction motor via the auxiliary winding if it is switched out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is up to speed. Moreover, the auxiliary winding may be many more turns of heavier wire than used in a resistance split-phase motor to mitigate excessive temperature rise. The result is that more starting torque is available for heavy loads like air conditioning compressors. This motor configuration works so well that it is available in multi-horsepower (multi-kilowatt) sizes.

Fig. Capacitor-start induction motor.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor
A variation of the capacitor-start motor (Figure below) is to start the motor with a relatively large capacitor for high starting torque, but leave a smaller value capacitor in place after starting to improve running characteristics while not drawing excessive current. The additional complexity of the capacitor-run motor is justified for larger size motors.

Fig. Capacitor-run motor induction motor.

A motor starting capacitor may be a double-anode non-polar electrolytic capacitor which could be two + to + (or - to -) series connected polarized electrolytic capacitors. Such AC rated electrolytic capacitors have such high losses that they can only be used for intermittent duty (1 second on, 60 seconds off) like motor starting. A capacitor for motor running must not be of electrolytic construction, but a lower loss polymer type.

Resistance split-phase motor induction motor
If an auxiliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at 90o electrical to the main winding, it can start a single phase induction motor. (Figure below) With lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will experience less phase shift than the main winding. About 30o of phase difference may be obtained. This coil produces a moderate starting torque, which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch at 3/4 of synchronous speed. This simple (no capacitor) arrangement serves well for motors up to 1/3 horsepower (250 watts) driving easily started loads.

Fig. Resistance split-phase motor induction motor.

This motor has more starting torque than a shaded pole motor (next section), but not as much as a two phase motor built from the same parts. The current density in the auxiliary winding is so high during starting that the consequent rapid temperature rise precludes frequent restarting or slow starting loads.
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starting torque of single phase induction motor

Capacitor start / induction run motors typically deliver 250 to 350 percent of full load torque when starting. Motors of this design are used in compressors and other types of industrial, commercial, and farm equipment.
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Capacitor-start single phase induction motor

Single Phase AC Induction Motors
AC single phase induction motors are classified by their start and run characteristics. An auxiliary starter winding is placed at right angles to the main stator winding in order to create a magnetic field. The current moving through each winding is out of phase by 90 degrees. This is called phase differential. After the motor has reached approximately 75% of operating speed, the auxiliary winding is disconnected from the circuit by a centrifugal switch.
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Capacitor Start / Induction Run Motors
Capacitor start / induction run motors are similar in construction to split phase motors. The major difference is the use of a capacitor connected in series to start windings to maximize starting torque.

The capacitor is mounted either at the top or side of the motor. A normally closed centrifugal switch is located between the capacitor and the start winding. This switch opens when the motor has reached about 75 percent of its operating speed.

Capacitors in induction run motors enable them to handle heavier start loads by strengthening the magnetic field of the start windings. These loads might include refrigerators, compressors, elevators, and augers. The size of capacitors used in these types of applications ranges from 1/6 to 10 horsepower. High starting torque designs also require high starting currents and high breakdown torque.

Capacitor start / induction run motors typically deliver 250 to 350 percent of full load torque when starting. Motors of this design are used in compressors and other types of industrial, commercial, and farm equipment.

Capacitor start induction run motors of moderate torque values are used on applications that require less than 175 percent of the full load. These are used with lighter loads like fans, blowers, and small pumps.
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Capacitor-start single phase induction motor vedio

Running 3-phase motors with 1-phase

Three-phase motors will run on single phase as readily as single
phase motors. The only problem for either motor is starting.
Sometimes 3-phase motors are purchased for use on single phase
if three-phase provisioning is anticipated. The power rating needs
to be 50% larger than for a comparable single phase motor to
make up for one unused winding. Single phase is applied to a pair
of windings simultanous with a start capacitor in series with the
third winding. The start switch is opened in Figure below upon
motor start. Sometimes a smaller capacitor than the start capacitor
is retained while running.

Starting a three-phase motor on single phase.

The circuit in Figure above for running a three-phase motor on
single phase is known as a static phase converter if the motor
shaft is not loaded. Moreover, the motor acts as a 3-phase
generator. Three phase power may be tapped off from the three
stator windings for powering other 3-phase equipment. The
capacitor supplies a synthetic phase approximately midway 90o
between the 180o single phase power source terminals for
starting. While running, the motor generates approximately
standard 3-φ, as shown in Figure above. Matt Isserstedt shows
a complete design for powering a home machine shop.

Self-starting static phase converter. Run capacitor = 25-30µF per HP.

Adapted from Figure 7, Hanrahan

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